A Critical Review of Education in India: Trends, Challenges, and Prospects

Abstract

Education in India has deep historical roots, tracing back to ancient times when learning centered on subjects such as Indian philosophy, religion, mathematics, and logic. Knowledge was primarily imparted through prestigious institutions like Takshashila and Nalanda, which served as early hubs of higher learning. Sanskrit-based universities, including Banaras Hindu University and the historic Nalanda University, played a vital role in preserving and nurturing India’s rich educational heritage. The medieval period brought significant changes with the advent of Islamic rule, introducing Islamic educational practices and fostering a blend of diverse traditions. The colonial era marked another pivotal shift, as European influence introduced Western models of education. Over time, these Western systems were integrated into the Indian educational framework, evolving alongside traditional modes of instruction to shape the foundation of modern education in the country.